He calculated the circumference of the Earth to be about 252,000 stadi which is equal to about 24,662 miles. He died c. 194 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt. It is a large, submerged massif, about 120 km long and 80 km wide. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. Oceanic area = 303x10^6km^2 (59.4%) 11.5% of Earth is continent below sea level. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes original work. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. They also built a ship know as the Knarr. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. [5] He adopted view of Aristotle & regarded the shape of the earth as sphere. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. 2011. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician with a strong interest in geography. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. Using your own words, write a paragraph about Eratosthenes and his contributions to math and science. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. His writings included a poem inspired by astronomy, as well as works on the theatre and on ethics. Six Famous Geographers - Geography Realm His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]. PDF List Of World Capitals By Countries Wordpress He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. He greatly overestimated the West to East distance from the Westernmost part of Europe to the Eastern extremity of the ekumene (the habitable calculated the Earths circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. Also with one of his students, Aristn de Chios, of whom he wrote a biography. Eratosthenes' Geography. [17] In his three-volume work Geography (Greek: Geographika), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones:[18] two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. All of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and godesses. I. Eratosthenes made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that includes 675 stars. The word for a, Sulfates and Halides Gypsum is known in Colorado for mining gypsum, a mineral used in the construction of wallboard. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography ugc net, Aristotle Contribution to Geography Notes By NETSET CORNER, Hipparchus Contribution to Geography Notes By NETSET CORNER, Contribution of Greek Scholar in Geography Full Notes for UGC NET, GEOGRAPHY UNIT WISE MOCK TEST (MCQS) NTA UGC NET, Contribution of Alexander Von Humboldt in the Field of Geography NTA UGC NET, Geomorphology 200 MCQS Mock Test 1 NTA UGC NET, MODEL MOCK TEST FOR GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 NTA UGC NET. Eratosthenes also calculated the Sun's diameter. in. Woocommerce Customization Tutorial, Oceanography is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological features of the ocean, including the ocean's ancient history, its current condition, and its future. % complete . establishing a center of the study of marine science and navigation on Portugal What did Eratosthenes of Cyrene contribute to marine science and why is it important? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In Athens he met so many philosophers that he was both amazed and overwhelmed. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. He believed it was a fixed globe whose changes only took place on the surface. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The word for Earth in Greek is geo, so we call this idea a geocentric theory. Islandwide Breakfast Delivery, There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. Roller, Duane W. Eratosthenes' Geography. What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. Geography is the study of locations and the relationships between people and their surroundings. Arab and Muslim Contribution to Geography To begin with, most Muslim geographers such as Al- In this book Eratosthenes denounced. His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) He studied astronomy, geography, and math. Vol. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. This meant that if he continued the light waves at Alexandria and the light waves at Syene, they would meet at a 7.2 degree angle at the center of the earth. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. Eratosthenes' Contribution in Mathematics - StudiousGuy Who succeeded Eratosthenes as the chief librarian of Alexandria? Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. We do not know what he looked like. With the parallels and meridians, Eratosthenes located the known countries and cities. Despite his great contributions to science, his work was not replicated by many others, apparently because he did not get enough students to pass on his discoveries and theories. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes was born in approximately 276 BC. ", Zhumud, Leonid. Was the father of geography? Explained by Sharing Culture What were Eratosthenes major achievements? He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Eratosthenes' is believed to be the first person to attempt a determination of the size of the Earth through measurement. He estimated the Earths circumference to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). The estimate is over 99 percent of the actual distance of 40,008 km. He is also recognized for his mathematical innovation, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, which identified prime numbers, and his position as head of the . He studied astronomy, geography, and math. He calculated the Earths circumference. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. He created a method known as the Siege of Eratosthenes by which he calculated the prime numbers. The first known table of chords was produced by the Greek mathematician Hipparchus in about 140 BC. He is also regarded as the Father of Geography.. [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. Contribution of Greeks in the Field of Geography - Your Article Library The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. The book written by him describes the ekumene (inhabited) world. About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? [1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. What does chronology mean in geography? - egszz.churchrez.org During the period in which Eratosthenes was in charge of the Library of Alexandria, great advances were made in it. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. Among the archives that were at the disposal of Eratosthenes, the distance between Siena and Alexandria was stated to be 5000 stadia. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. Euclid, Greek Eukleides, (flourished c. 300 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. He also claimed that the rivers source was lakes. in, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23, Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, "Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" Viewer World Digital Library", "Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth", "The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C", "Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe", "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata", English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth, About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet, How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun, Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method, List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes, New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment, Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth, Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&oldid=1141770053, The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. Uci Computer Science And Engineering, Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Duane W. Roller provides a rich background, including a history of the text and its reception, a biography of Eratosthenes, and a comprehensive account of ancient Greek geographical thought and of Eratosthenes pioneering contribution to it. March 2023; The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is dubbed the father of geography. He was the first to use the word geography, and he also had a small-scale understanding of the planet that helped him determine the earths circumference. He also devised a system for discovering prime numbers as whole numbers that can only be divided by themselves or the number 1. Geographika had 3 volumes. History Of Oceanography TIMELINE | Preceden The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes becomes the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. One of Eratosthenes contributions to mathematics was his measurement of the Earth. He had inclination toward arts as well as music and poetry composition. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. OCEANOGRAPHY-Study of the Oceans Contributions of the ancients 1. Eratosthenes - He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Term. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. He compiled a star catalog and the earliest surviving table of a trigonometric function and established mathematically that an object and its mirror image must make equal angles to a mirror. During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the, He was also very proud of his solution for. (40,000 miles). Whats a physical geographer? Explained by Sharing Culture He studied at Plato's school in Athens. Cars &vehicles (9) Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. Geography consisted of eight volumes. Eratosthenes' Geography | Princeton University Press Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. "Eratosthenes." He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. Eratosthenes experiment was highly regarded at the time, and his estimate of the Earths size was accepted for hundreds of years afterwards. Eratosthenes (D.W.) Roller (ed., Trans.) How did the Egyptians contribute to oceanography? History of Oceanography, Number 16 - University of Puget Sound It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. This is important to marine science because these concepts are used for locations around the globe. These six geographers are noteworthy for their contribution to the science of geography. % complete First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. 2006. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. Eratosthenes - New World Encyclopedia He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Text Questions - Review Questions 1. What did Eratosthenes Definition of Oceanography 1. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. Rist, J.M. The psychological effects of incarceration: what goes on in the minds of prisoners? Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. By this they meant to say that Eratosthenes was second best in all areas, as he never wanted to specialize in any. Several astronomers and mathematicians tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth before and after Eratosthenes, but it was Eratosthenes who succeeded. As a young man, he traveled to Athens to pursue his studies. Moreover, he conceived the peninsula of India Pointing towards the south-west, instead of south. What superannuation contributions are reportable? Eratosthenes also wrote Olympic Victors, a chronology of the winners of the Olympic Games. PDF Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceanography - craftonhills.edu He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. During his life Eratosthenes was a lover of knowledge in all its areas. 4. 1. There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. Whats The Difference Between Dutch And French Braids? The Classical Review. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same meridian and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a gnomon) in each city at noon on the summer solstice. His prime number sieve made it simple for Greek mathematicians (and now-frustrated modern students!) He made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that included 675 stars. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. He was nicknamed Beta because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians.[25]. The Fourteenth Edition incorporates He wrote on many topics geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. Cyrene was absorbed into the Ptolemaic monarchy of Egypt, which ruled from Alexandria, the cultural and commercial center of the Mediterranean. Definition. History of Oceanography TIMELINE PDF Image Zoom Out. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. Omissions? Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. They also expanded the studies in Sophocles. He accurately depicted the Niles route to Khartoum, as well as the two Ethiopian tributaries. He found the circumference of the Earth to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). [1] Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. So he trained and became famous as an academic. Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. Polynesian Seafarers - Dive & Discover Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. The most enduring contribution of the Guidelines has been the articulation of the five fundamental themes of geography: 1) location; 2) place; 3) relationships within places (human-environmental interaction); 4) relationships between places (movement); and 5) regions. According to Macrobious, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth. Arabs were highly influenced by the Greek ideas about the shape and size of the earth. He tried to fix the dates of literary and political events since the siege of Troy. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. Eratosthenes of Cyrene, an ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer, was the first to use the word Geography (Greek: Geographika). Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. What was the major contribution of Ptolemy? Read about the life of Eratosthenes. and more. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with a high precision. References to the works of Eratosthenes are preserved thanks to other authors, since when the library of Alexandria was lost, practically all of his work was lost. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. Geography is the study of Earths natural environment and human society, as well as how society and nature interact. The pecialized text They are thoe that contain a vocabulary and terminology pecific to a certain branch of knowledge. Ptolemy studied the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors as well as its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media, defending the theory that vision is caused by a flow emanating from the eye. A polymath who served as librarian at Alexandria and tutor to the future King Ptolemy IV, Eratosthenes created the terminology of . He invented Syene (near today's Aswan) is located some 800 km up the Nile river from Alexandria very close to the tropic of Cancer (2327'N), so at the time of the summer solstice the Sun's rays fall vertically down on Syrene at noon. So, he measured the angle of elevation during the same period and at the same time in Alexandria with the help of a gnomon. Cyrene was founded by Greeks from Thera before 600 BC, and it prospered as an independent city until the arrival of the Hellenic era. Eratosthenes was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earths axis, which he figured with remarkable accuracy; the finding was reported by Ptolemy (85-165 CE). The inscription that Eratosthenes made in the mesolabe that he gave to Ptolemy III, said: "This you have at hand, friend, if you want to get double a small cube, or that transformation into any other solid figure, and also if you measure in this way an enclosure or a silo or the concave cavity of a well when you take the concurrences means between extreme limits within double rules . Eratosthenes Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. However, his contributions to the study of the earth gave him the title of father of geography. Around 255 BCE, he invented the armillary sphere. Eratosthenes was well acquainted with the extent of the Red sea, which he described as extending for about 9000 stadia (900 miles) from the head of Gulf of Suez to the Bab-al-Mandab. This Month in Physics History - American Physical Society (Of the measurements of the Earth). He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as Libya, in North Africa. He never married. [16] A geometric calculation reveals that the circumference of the Earth is the distance between the two cities divided by the difference in shadow angles expressed as a fraction of one turn. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Archimedes is regarded as one of the most notable Greek mathematicians. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. There it remained, approximately, for 25 years. To calculate the circumference of the earth Eratosthenes used a method that has been used until our time, this consists of measuring a meridian. Everything that pleases the Muses and kings you yourself gave to your son. 2, 1977. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology;[5] he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the mythical Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. Who Eratosthenes was and what his contribution to math is? The Greeks not only extended the horizon of geography from the Aegean Sea to Spain and Gaul, the Russian steppes in Central Asia, the Indus river in the east and Ethiopia in the south, but also put the subject on a sound footing by making remarkable contributions in the field of mathematical, physical, historical and regional geography. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on geography. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers.
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